Surface-to-Air Missile: A ground-based or ship-launched guided missile system designed to detect, track, and destroy enemy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, or other airborne targets. SAM systems range from portable, shoulder-fired weapons like the Stinger (man-portable air defense systems, or MANPADS) to large strategic systems like the Russian S-400 or American Patriot that can engage targets at long range and high altitude. Modern SAM systems typically integrate radar, command and control units, and launcher vehicles, and represent a primary air defense capability for most militaries. In aviation operations, SAM threats require specific tactics, electronic countermeasures, and mission planning to mitigate risks to aircraft.
